Methodology
How a report is made, and how you can check it
Plain answers to four questions: where the numbers come from, who checks them, how you can verify the text, and what happens when we get something wrong.
Anatomy of a report
IllustrativeIllustrative headline of a research report
Reading the anatomy
- 1Instrument, market, revision
Which subject this covers and which revision you are reading.
- 2Status
Current, corrected or stale, never left ambiguous.
- 3As-of time
When the information was current, in UTC and exchange-local time.
- 4Sources
Each reference with its own as-of time.
- 5Fingerprints
A SHA-256 of the content and of the source manifest.
Sources and as-of times
Market data comes from a licensed market-data provider. Each report records the day it covers and, where the data has one, the exact time of each figure. On a report you will see the trading day (for example Wed 14 Oct 2026) and an as of time in Eastern Time.
A trading day is shown as a date and is never moved to the evening before by a time zone. A clock time appears only when the producer recorded one.
The sources used for a report are listed at the bottom of its page, each with its own time.
How a report is made
Collect the data
The producer pulls prices, volumes, company figures and news from a licensed market-data provider. Every figure keeps the time it was true, so a report can say what it was looking at and when.
Calculate in code
Changes, ranges, volume against the 10-day average, comparisons with benchmarks and year-to-date moves are worked out by ordinary code from that data. The language model is never asked to do arithmetic.
Write
A language model writes the report from those verified facts only: a headline, key points and a few short sections.
Check every number
Code reads the finished text and checks each number in it against the data and the calculations. A number it cannot match is a failure, not a rounding choice.
Independent review
A second, independent reviewer model reads the exact final text. It must approve that exact text; approval of an earlier draft does not carry over. No person takes part in this step.
One rewrite, then a brief
If the reviewer rejects the text, the writer gets one rewrite from the reasons given, and the rewrite is checked and reviewed again. If it still fails, a plain template-built brief is used instead: fixed sentences filled only with verified facts, no language-model prose. A brief is labelled as a brief.
Release and fingerprint
A report is released only when every code check has passed and the independent reviewer has approved the exact final text, and only where the rights record allows that channel. The published text gets a SHA-256 fingerprint, so anyone can check later that the words have not changed.
No person writes, edits or approves a report. A report is released only when all of the code checks pass and the independent reviewer approves the exact final text, subject to data rights. If a check or the reviewer fails, the report is not released; a plain template-built brief of verified facts may be released instead, and it is labelled as a brief. A correction creates a new revision.
During the private preview, the release step is started by the platform operator.
Verify a report yourself
Every full report ends with a panel called Report integrity. When you open it, your browser fingerprints the exact text on the page (SHA-256 of its UTF-8 bytes) and compares the result with two fingerprints we recorded: the published record for that revision and the production record from the run that made it. Nothing is sent anywhere.
- Open a report while signed in. The panel needs the full text, so a summary-only view cannot be verified.
- Go to Report integrity, near the end of the report. On wide screens a link to it also appears in the bar that follows you as you scroll.
- Read the verdict. Matches means the words you see are the words that were published. Differs means something changed them and you should not rely on the page.
- Want to check by hand? Copy the fingerprint and compare it with any SHA-256 tool run on the same text.
Browse reports to find one.
Corrections
If we find a mistake after release, we do not edit the report quietly. A correction creates a new revision with a visible notice that says what was wrong. Earlier revisions are kept, and each revision has its own fingerprint.
If a report must be withdrawn, its full text is removed everywhere at once and the page says it has been retracted.
Labels you may see
- Corrected, revision N
- A mistake was found after release. The report was replaced by a new revision, and the page says why.
- Superseded
- A newer report on the same subject replaces this one. Read the newer one.
- Stale
- A live report whose as-of time is more than 48 hours old. Markets have moved since.
- Reconstruction
- Reconstructed after the fact, not point-in-time research. It is built from data for a past session to show what the pipeline produces; it is never presented as something we published at the time.
- Template-built brief
- A plain template-built brief. It contains only verified facts and no language-model prose. It is what the pipeline falls back to when no written version passes the checks.
- Summary only
- You are signed out, or your plan does not include the full text. You see the headline and a one or two sentence summary.
A normal, current report carries no label at all.
Rights and who can read what
Source data is used only where a rights record covers it for that provider, territory, asset class and channel. If the rights are missing, expired or unknown, the answer is no: full text is not delivered.
Your plan decides what you may read. Signed out, you see the headline and a short summary. Signed in with a plan that includes full text, you see the whole report, the charts and the verification panel. A plan never overrides a rights record. See plans.
Limits
- Reports are written by a language model. The checks are strict, but they reduce mistakes; they do not remove them. Check the figures against the sources before you rely on one.
- Information is as of its stated time. Markets can move after it, and some data is delayed.
- Coverage is limited to the instruments listed on the markets page.
- Nothing here is investment advice, a recommendation or an offer. Thulo Research does not place orders or connect to brokerage accounts. Read the disclosures.